Distance

Mode-specific kilometers traveled from origin to destination.

Default value: User-input/derived from Routing Module
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0 km

Value depends on: NA
Value influences: Total Tonne-Kilometers, Time-in-mode Cruise)

Total Tonne-Kilometers

Freight movement is often measured in tonne-km- i.e. the amount weight transported multiplied by the distance it is transported. It is sometimes referred to as 'productivity units'.

Total Tonne-Kilometers = Distance * Shipped Tonnage

Default value: Automatically calculated
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Shipped Tonnage, Distance
Value influences: Total CO2 for each transportation mode

CO2/L diesel

This value represents the amount of carbon dioxide per liter of diesel fuel. This value is more or less constant and is calculated by the EPA as 10.1 kg/gallon, which translates to 2.6681 kg/L.

Default value: 2.6681
Default value source/justification: EPA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Nothing
Value influences: CO2/Tonne-Kilometer (Road), CO2/Tonne-Kilometer (Rail)

Fuel Consumption Rate

The amount of diesel fuel consumed (L) per revenue-tonne-km.

Default value: 0.005946 L/tonne-km
Default value source/justification: The default value is derived from the American Associate of Railroads (AAR Railroad Facts 2008), who provide their figure as 436 revenue-ton-miles per gallon of fuel consumed for 2007. To convert ton-miles/gallon to L/tonne-km:
L/tonne-km = 1 / (436 * 0.264 gallons/liter * 1.609 km/mile * 0.907 tonnes/ton) OR
L/tonne-km = 2.5928 / revenue ton-miles/gallon

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: User-selected
Value influences: CO2/Tonne-Kilometer and descendants

CO2/Tonne-Kilometer

Amount of CO2 (grams) emitted per tonne-km of freight.

CO2/tonne-km = F * C

Where:
F = Fuel Consumption Rate (L fuel consumed per tonne-kilometer)
C = CO2/L of diesel

Default value: None - calculated automatically from Fuel Consumption Rate and CO2/L diesel
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Fuel Consumption Rate, CO2/L diesel
Value influences: Total CO2

Total CO2

Amount of CO2 (kg) emitted for the given scenario values and distance.

Total CO2 = Total tonne-km * CO2/tonne-km

Default value: Automatically calculated
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Total Tonne-Kilometers, CO2/Tonne-Kilometers
Value influences: NA

Truck Class

Truck class is based on standard truck weight classifications (1 - 8). Weight classifications are defined by "gross vehicle weight rating" (GVWR), which represents the vehicle's total weight (empty vehicle plus passengers/cargo/fuel). For the purposes of this tool, we have decided to split Class 8 vehicles into two classes: single-unit and combination (i.e. a tractor pulling one or multiple trailers). Class 8 single-unit trucks were given a maximum weight rating of 40,000 lbs. while combination units were given the federal weight maximum limit of 80,000 lbs.

GVWR = Gross vehicle weight rating
units = lbs.

Default value: Class 8 combination
Default value source/justification: Most common freight hauling vehicle

Valid values: Class 1 - Class 8

Value depends on: User selected
Value influences: Total Vehicle Weight

Total Vehicle Weight

Total vehicle weight is calculated by taking the average of the class-specific minimum and maximum gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)(see table under Truck Class). These values are for loaded as defaults only; the user is free to input their own values if better information is available.

Default value: Automatically calculated (average of minimum and maximum GVWR)
Default value source/justification: see

Valid values: 0 - 36.3 tonnes (36.3 tonnes = 80,000 lbs., which is the federal weight limit)

Value depends on: Truck Class
Value influences: Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy

Commonly referred to in miles-per-gallon (here in km/L), here it is based on total vehicle weight (in general, the larger, higher weight class vehicle will have lower fuel economy). Data from the table below come from the US DOC Bureau of the Census "2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey" with the exception of the data for Class 8 combination trucks, which comes from the US DOT Federal Highway Administration "Highway Statistics 2007". Class mean weight was calculated by taking the average of the min. and max. range values (for Class 1, minimum was set to 3000 lbs.; for Class 8 single-unit, max was set to 40000 lbs; for Class 8 combination, max was set to 80000).

1 mpg = 0.42514 km/L

From this data, a regression equation was derived that calculates fuel economy based on vehicle and cargo weight:

mpg = 772.04 * w^(-0.463)
Where w = weight (lbs.)
R-squared = 0.9605

Default value: automatically calculated based on tonnage
Default value source/justification: See description

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Total Vehicle Weight
Value influences: CO2/Tonne-Km and descendants

CO2/Tonne-Kilometer

Amount of CO2 (grams) emitted per tonne-km of freight.

CO2/tonne-km = R * C / W

Where:
R = L fuel consumed per kilometer (1/fuel economy)
C = CO2/L of diesel
W = total vehicle weight

Default value: None - calculated automatically from Fuel Economy, Vehicle Weight, CO2/L diesel
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Fuel Economy, Total Vehicle Weight, CO2/L diesel
Value influences: Total CO2

Total CO2

Amount of CO2 (kg) emitted for the given scenario values and distance.

Total CO2 = Total tonne-km * CO2/tonne-km

Default value: None - calculated automatically from Total tonne-km and CO2/tonne-km
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Total Tonne-Kilometers, CO2/Tonne-Kilometers
Value influences: NA

Ship Type

Type of transportation vessel.

Default value: Bulk Carrier
Default value source/justification: Bulk Carriers are used to transport dry bulk goods such as ore.

Valid values: Auto Carrier, Bulk Carrier, Container Ship, Cruise Ship, General Cargo, RORO, Reefer, Tanker

Value depends on: User selected based on type of commodity that is being shipped
Value influences: Ship Size (name) options (specific types for Bulk Carriers, Container Ships, and Tankers), Ship Size (DWT), Number of Auxiliary Engines, Auxiliary Engine Power, Main Engine Power (with Ship Size and/or DWT), Average Speed (all modes), Time-in-mode (Hotelling, RSZ, and Maneuvering), and descendants

Ship Size(name)

Water freight vessels use a variety of classifications to indicate ship size. Often these names are indicative of the ship's ability to traverse certain routes (e.g. "Panamax" refers to the maximum size a ship can be and still be able to traverse the Panama Canal). Named classifications are not exact: they represent a range of values rather than a specific size, many classes overlap, and size classes can differ between ship types (i.e. a "Handymax" bulk carrier generally has a much large DWT than a "Handymax" container ship). For this reason, in this version of the module,Bulk Carriers, Tankers, and Container ships all have a specific size class list associated with them (derived from MAN Diesel sources). Selecting any ship types aside from these three will load a list of general size names.
Sources: MAN Diesel, The World of Shipping

DWT = deadweight tonnage (metric tons) (see description below)

Default value: Capesize
Default value source/justification: Capesize vessels are fairly commonly used for ocean transportation of ore

Valid values: Small Feeder, Feeder, Small Handysize, Handysize, Seawaymax, Aframax, Panamax, Post-Panamax, New Panamax, Capesize, Suezmax, Post-Suezmax, Malaccamax, VLCC, ULCC, ULCV, VLBC

Value depends on: Ship Type (Bulk Carrier, Tanker, and Container Ships have their own lists)
Value influences: Ship Size (DWT) and descendants

Ship Size(DWT)

DWT (deadweight tonnage) is a measurement of total contents of a ship including cargo, fuel, crew, passengers, food, and water aside from boiler water (Encyclopedia Britannica). Deadweight tonnage is determined based on the ship type and size class.

Default value: Average of the minimum and maximum values of the range that each size class encompasses
Default value source/justification: The variability in DWT by size classes requires an averaged value. User may input their own value if so desired.

Valid values: 0 - 600,000 tonnes

Value depends on: Ship Type, Ship Size
Value influences: Main Engine Power and descendants

Main Engine Power

Defined here as the specified Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) for the main propulsion engine. It is automatically calculated EITHER based on tabular MAN Diesel data for Bulk Carriers, Tankers, or Container ships based on size classes, OR based on a regression equation developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and published by the US EPA that calculates MCR based on the DWT of a ship. Regression equations are specific to each ship type.

Bulk Carriers

Container Ships

F

Tankers

EEA Regression Equations
Main Engine Power = A(dwt) + B

Default value: Based on DWT, either EEA regression equation or MAN&W tabular documentation
Default value source/justification: MAN Diesel, EEA

Valid values: 6,000 - 100,000 kW

Value depends on: Either Ship Type and Ship Size(name) (predefined size classes of bulk carriers, container ships, tankers) OR DWT
Value influences: Main Engine Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions (kg) and descendants

Auxiliary Engine Power

Defined here as the specified Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) for each auxiliary engine (kW). Values used represent fleet averages. Source: ICF/EPA 2006: Current Methodologies and Best Practices for Preparing Port Emission Inventories

ALF = Auxiliary Engine Loading Factor

Default value: Various, depending on ship type (see table above)
Default value source/justification: ICF/EPA 2006: Current Methodologies and Best Practices for Preparing Port Emission Inventories

Valid values: 500 - 2,500 kW

Value depends on: Ship Type
Value influences: Auxiliary Engine Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions and descendants

Auxiliary Engine Number

The number of auxiliary engines used by the vessel. Values used represent fleet averages. Source: ICF/EPA 2006: Current Methodologies and Best Practices for Preparing Port Emission Inventories

Default value: Various, depending on ship type (see table in Auxiliary Engine Power section)
Default value source/justification: ICF/EPA 2006: Current Methodologies and Best Practices for Preparing Port Emission Inventories

Valid values: 0 ~ 6

Value depends on: Ship Type
Value influences: Auxiliary Engine Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions and descendants

Main Engine Number

The number of main engines used by the vessel. In general, most freight ships use only a single main propulsion engine, although cruise ships are often configured with multiple main engines.

Default value: 1
Default value source/justification: Most common case for freight vessels

Valid values: 0 ~ 4

Value depends on: NA
Value influences: Main Engine Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions and descendants

Engine Type

The following table describes common engine types:

Default value: Main Engines = SSD, Auxiliary Engines = MSD
Default value source/justification: [IFC]. Maritime ConnectorThe default configuration represents probably 95% of all cases.

Valid values: SSD, MSD, ST, GT

Value depends on: NA
Value influences: CO2 equivalent emissions rate (g/kWh)(with Fuel Type)

Fuel Type

The following table describes common marine fuel types [MORE RESEARCH NEEDED HERE]:

Fuels are probably often mixed

Default value: Main Engines = RO, Auxiliary Engines = MD
Default value source/justification: Typical configurations based on available resources

Valid values: RO, MD

Value depends on: NA
Value influences: CO2 eq. Emissions Rate(with Engine Type)

Average Speed

Average speed of the vessel in each activity mode. By definition, when a ship is hotelling, the speed is 0. When in RSZ mode, IFC gives 9-12 knots (17-22 km/hr). But we are using 75% of cruise speed since our cruise speed table (below) gives some values BELOW these numbers. When maneuvering, IFC gives 3-8 knots (6-15 km/hr). Cruise speed for each ship type is derived from Lloyd's Register data from a Baltic Sea Study.

• Source: Lloyd's Register and International Maritime Organization, Marine Exhaust
  Emission Quantification Study - Baltic Sea, in MEPC 45/INF.7. 1998.

Default value: Hotelling = 0, RSZ = 10.5, Maneuvering = 0.75 of cruise speed, Cruise = SEE TABLE (knots)
Default value source/justification: IFC/EPA 2006, Lloyd's Register

Valid values: 0 - 30 knots

Value depends on: Ship Type (Cruise)
Value influences: Time-in-mode (Cruise), Engine Loading Factors, and descendants

Time-in-mode

Represents the average or expected amount of time (hours) a vessel is expected to spend in each of the 4 activity modes. Time-in-mode for "Cruise" activity is automatically calculated based by multiplying average cruise speed by the distance traveled (minus distance traveled while in "Maneuvering" and "RSZ" modes). Hotelling times vary widely by ship type. Bulk carriers generally spend the most time in port due to unloading inefficiencies.

Default value: Hotelling = 40, Maneuvering = 1, RSZ = 2, Cruise = automatic calculation
Default value source/justification: Alaska Marine Inventory

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Average Speed and Distance (Cruise)
Value influences: Total kWh and descendants

Engine Loading Factors

Engine loading factors refer to a percentage (&) of the total MCR of particular engine used in a particular operating mode. Loading factors differ based on ship type and operating mode.

ALF = Auxiliary Engine Loading Factor
MLF = Main Engine Loading Factors
Source: US EPA Analysis of Marine Vessel Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data

Default value: Varies based on engine, Ship Type, and mode- see table above
Default value source/justification: EPA

Valid values: 0 - 1

Value depends on: Ship Type(name)
Value influences: Total kWh and descendants

CO2 eq. Emissions Rate

CO2 equivalent emissions (CO2 equivalent of CO2, CH4, and NO2 combined) in grams per kilowatt hour (g/kWh). See table below for specific values. Note: for RSZ operating mode, cruise operating mode emissions factors are loaded as the default.

Source:
SMED Methodology for Calculating Emissions from Ships

Default value(s): SMED values are used based on fuel type, engine type, and operating mode
Default value source/justification: SMED values represent the most comprehensive database of greenhouse gas emissions from marine activity that were found

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Fuel Type, Engine Type
Value influences: Total CO2 eq. Emissions and descendants

Total kWh

Total kilowatt-hours for each engine type and mode.

kWh = n_t * W_t * L_tm * T_m

Where:
kWh is total kilowatt-hours for engine type t in mode m
n_t is the number of engines of type t on the vessel
W_t is power output of each engine of type t in kW
L_tm is the loading factor for engine type t in mode m
T_m is the time-in-mode for mode m

Default value: Automatically calculated
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Main Engine Number, Aux. Engine Number, Main Engine Power, Aux. Engine Power, Engine Loading Factors, Time-in-mode
Value influences: Total CO2 eq. Emissions

CO2 eq. Emissions per Mode, Type

Total CO2 emissions (g) for each operating mode and engine type.

E_tm = K_tm * R_tm

Where:
E_tm is total CO2 equivalent emission for engine type t in mode m in grams
K_tm is total kWh for engine type t in mode m in kilowatt-hours
R_tm is CO2 equivalent emission rate for engine type t in mode m in grams/kilowatt-hour

Default value: Automatically calculated
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Total kWh, CO2 equivalent emission rate
Value influences: Total CO2/trip

CO2 eq. Emissions per Trip

Total CO2 equivalent emissions (g) for the given scenario.

C = sum(E_tm) for each mode m and each type t

Where:
C is total CO2 eq. emission per trip
E_tm is total CO2 equivalent emission for engine type t in mode m in grams

Default value: Automatically calculated
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: Total kWh, CO2 equivalent emission rate
Value influences: CO2 / mT-km

CO2/Tonne-kilometer

CO2 equivalent emissions rate (g/mT-km).

CO2/tonne-km = C / (D * W)

Where:
C is CO2 eq. emission per trip in grams
D is distance in km
W is DWT in mT

Default value: Automatically calculated
Default value source/justification: NA

Valid values: > 0

Value depends on: CO2 eq. Emissions per Trip, Distance, DWT
Value influences: None